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Therapeutics
Review: placebo is better than no treatment for subjective continuous outcomes and for treatment of pain

https://doi.org/10.1136/ebm.7.1.11

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    (2001) N Engl J Med 344, 1594. Hróbjartsson A, Gøtzsche PC.. Is the placebo powerless? An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment.. May 24;. :. –602.
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 QUESTIONS: In patients with various clinical conditions, what is the clinical effect of placebo as a treatment for disease? Does the effect differ for subjective and objective outcomes?

    Data sources

    Trials published before the end of 1998 were identified by searching Medline, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, PsycLIT, Biological Abstracts, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. Reference lists were reviewed and experts were contacted.

    Study selection

    Studies were selected if patients were randomly allocated to a placebo group or an untreated group. Exclusion criteria were unconcealed randomisation, a sample of paid or healthy volunteers, non-blinding of assessors of objective outcomes, a > 50% dropout rate, or if the alleged placebo had a clinical effect not associated with the treatment ritual alone.

    Data extraction

    The primary outcome was that defined by the trial author or, if not defined, the most clinically relevant outcome.

    Main results

    114 trials were included. The typical …

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