Footnotes

• Contributors SM wrote the first draft of the paper. HMK provided supervision. Both authors interpreted the information the papers is based on, revised the paper for important intellectual content and approved the final submitted version.

• Competing interests HMK is a recipient of research grants, through Yale, from Medtronic and Johnson & Johnson (Janssen) to develop methods of clinical trial data sharing and from Medtronic to develop methods for postmarket surveillance of medical devices; works under contract with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to develop and maintain performance measures that are publicly reported; chairs a cardiac scientific advisory board for United Health; is a participant/participant representative of the IBM Watson Health Life Sciences Board; is a member of the Advisory Board for Element Science and the Physician Advisory Board for Aetna and is the founder of Hugo, a personal health information platform.

• Provenance and peer review Commissioned; internally peer reviewed.