Physical examination signs for detecting osteoporosis or spinal fracture in postmenopausal women*
| Signs for osteoporosis | Number of studies (n) | Sensitivity | Specificity | +LR (95% CI) | −LR (CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *Diagnostic terms defined in glossary. | |||||
| Weight <51 kg | 1 (1873) | 22% | 97% | 7.3 (5.0 to 10.8) | 0.8 ((0.7 to 0.9) |
| Self reported humped back | 1 (2577) | 20.6% | 97% | 3.0 (2.2 to 4.1) | 0.85 (0.8 to 0.9) |
| Kyphosis | 1 (610) | 25% | 92% | 3.1 (1.8 to 5.3) | 0.8 (0.7 to 1.0) |
| <20 teeth | 1 (190) | 27% | 92% | 3.4 (1.4 to 8.0) | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.0) |
| Signs for spinal fracture | |||||
| Wall-occiput distance >0 cm | 1 (216) | 60% | 87% | 4.6 (2.9 to 7.3) | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.6) |
| Rib-pelvis distance ⩽2 finger breadths | 1 (781) | 88% | 46% | 3.8 (2.9 to 5.1) | 0.6 (0.5 to 0.7) |