Skip to main content
Log in

Harvard Report on Cancer Prevention

  • Published:
Cancer Causes & Control Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Landis S, Murray T, Bolden S, et al. (1998) Cancer Statistics, CA Cancer J Clin 48: 6-29.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ries L, Kosary C, Hankey B, et al. (1998) SEER Cancer Statistics, 1973–1995, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kosary C, Ries L, Miller B, et al. (1995) SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973–1992: Tables and Graphs, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Fearon E, Vogelstein B (1990) A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61: 759-767.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Winawer SJ, Fletcher RH, Miller L, et al. (1997) Colorectal cancer screening: clinical guidelines and rationale. Gastroenterology 112: 594-642.

    Google Scholar 

  6. US Preventive Services Task Force (1996) Guide to Clinical Preventive Services. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, pp. 89-103.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Winawer S, Zauber A, Diaz B (1987) The National Polyp Study: temporal sequence of evolving colorectal cancer from the normal colon (abstr). Gastrointest Endosc 33: A167.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Stryker S, Wolff B, Culp C, et al. (1997) Natural history of untreated colonic polyps. Gastroenterology 93: 1009-1013.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Burt R, Bishop D, Cannon L, et al. (1985) Dominant inheritance of adenomatous colonic polyps and colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 312: 1540-1544.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Atkin W, Morson B, Cuzick J (1992) Long-term risk of colorectal cancer after excision of rectosigmoid adenomas. N Engl J Med 326: 658-662.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Muto T, Bussey H, Morson B (1975) The evolution of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 36: 2251-2270.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bedenne L, Faivre J, Boutron M (1992) Adenoma-carcinoma sequence or 'de novo' carcinogenesis? A study of adenomatous remnants in a population-based series of large bowel cancers. Cancer 69: 883-888.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Eide T (1983) Remants of adenomas in colorectal carcinomas. Cancer 5: 1866-1872.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Winawer S, Zauber A, Ho M, et al. (1993) Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. N Engl J Med 329: 1977-1981.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Muller A, Sonnenberg A (1995) Prevention of colorectal cancer by flexible endoscopy and polypectomy: a case-control study of 32,702 veterans. Ann Int Med 123: 904-910.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Lynch H, Smyrk T (1996) Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cancer 78: 1149-1167.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Schottenfeld D, Winawer S (1996) Cancers of the large intestine. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni J, eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 813-840.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Aaltonen L, Salovaara R, Kristo P, et al. (1998) Incidence of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and the feasibility of molecular screening for the disease. N Engl J Med 338: 1481-1487.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ahsan H, Neugut A, Garbowski G, et al. (1998) Family history of colorectal adenomatous polyps and increased risk for colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 900-905.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Fuchs C, Giovannucci E, Colditz G, et al. (1994) A prospective study of family history and the risk of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 331: 1669-1674.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Colditz GA, Cannuscio CC, Frazier AL (1997) Physical activity and reduced risk of colon cancer: implications for prevention. Cancer Causes Control 8: 649-667.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Garabrandt D, Peters J, Mack R (1984) Job activity and colon cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 119: 1005-1014.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Slattery M, Schumacher M, Smith K (1988) Physical activity, diet, and risk of colon cancer in Utah. Am J Epidemiol 128: 989-999.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Gehardsson de Verdier M, Steineck G, Hagman U (1990) Physical activity and colon cancer: a case-referent study in Stockholm. Int J Cancer 46: 985-989.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Whittemore A, Wu-Williams A, Lee M (1990) Alcohol, physical activity, and other risk factors for colorectal cancer: a prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst 82: 915-926.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, et al. (1995) Physical activity, obesity, and risk for colon cancer and adenoma in men. Ann Intern Med 122: 327-334.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Martinez ME, Giovannucci E, Spiegelman D, et al. (1997) Leisure-time physical activity, body size, and colon cancer in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 89: 948-955.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. (1996) Physical activity, obesity, and risk of colorectal adenoma in women (United States). Cancer Causes Control 7: 253-263.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Kahn H, Tatham L, Thun M, et al. (1998) Risk factors for self-reported colon polyps. J Gen Intern Med 13: 303-310.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Kune G, Kune S, Watson L (1990) Body weight and physical activity as predictors of colorectal cancer risk. Nutr Cancer 13: 9-17.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Lee H, Gourley L, Duffy S, et al. (1989) Colorectal cancer and diet in an Asian population: a case-control study among Singapore Chinese. Int J Cancer 43: 1007-1016.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Lee I, Paffenbarger R, Hsieh C (1991) Physical activity and risk of developing colorectal cancer among college alumni. J Natl Cancer Inst 83: 1324-1329.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Colditz G, DeJong D, Hunter D, et al. (1996) Harvard Report on Cancer Prevention. Volume 1. Causes of Human Cancer. Cancer Causes Control 7: 1-59.

    Google Scholar 

  34. McKeown-Eyssen G (1994) Epidemiology of colorectal cancer revisited: are serum triglycerides and/or plasma glucose associated with risk? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 3: 687-695.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Giovannucci E (1995) Insulin and colon cancer. Cancer Causes Control 6: 164-179.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Potter J (1997) Food, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington DC: American Institute for Cancer Research, pp. 216-251.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Giovannucci E, Goldin B (1997) The role of fat, fatty acids, and total energy intake in the etiology of human colon cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 66: 1564S-15671S.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. (1990) Relation of meat, fat, and fiber intake to the risk of colon cancer in a prospective study among women. N Engl J Med 323: 1664-1672.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al. (1994) Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men. Cancer Res 54: 2390-2397.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Giovannucci E (1995) Fat and colon cancer. Cerin Symposium (December 2 & 3, 1995): Nutrition & Cancer. Paris: Cerin, pp. 41-63.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Giovannucci E, Willett WC (1994) Dietary factors and risk of colon cancer. Ann Med 26: 443-452.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Schiffman M, Andrews A, Van Tassell R, et al. (1989) Case-control study of colorectal cancer and fecal mutagenicity. Cancer Res 49: 3420-3424.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Gehardsson de Verdier M, Hagman U, Peters R (1991) Meat, cooking methods and colorectal cancer: a case-referent study in Stockholm. Int J Cancer 49: 520-525.

    Google Scholar 

  44. White E, Shannon J, Patterson R (1997) Relationship between vitamin and calcium supplement use and colon cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6: 769-774.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Giovannucci E, Stampfer M, Colditz G, et al. (1998) Multivitamin use, folate, and colon cancer in women in the Nurses' Health Study. Ann Intern Med 129: 517-524.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Hall J, Solehdin F (1998) Folic acid: It's good preventive medicine. Contemporary Pediatrics 15: 119-136.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, et al. (1995) Alcohol, low-methionine-low-folate diets, and risk of colon cancer in men. J Natl Cancer Inst 87: 265-273.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Martinez M, Willett W (1998) Calcium, vitamin D, and colorectal cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7: 163-168.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Steinmetz KA, Potter JD (1991) Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. I. Epidemiology. Cancer Causes Control 2: 325-357.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Thun M, Calle E, Namboordiri M, et al. (1992) Risk factors for fatal colon cancer in a large prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst 84: 1491-1500.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Steinmetz K, Kushi L, Bostick R, et al. (1994) Vegetables, fruit and colon cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 139: 1-15.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Willett WC (1995) Diet, nutrition, and avoidable cancer. Environ Health Perspec 103[Suppl 8]: 165-170.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Steinmetz KA, Potter JD (1991) Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. II. Mechanisms. Cancer Causes Control 2: 427-442.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. (1993) Folate, methionine, and alcohol intake and risk of colorectal adenoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 85: 875-884.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Giovannucci E, Martinez ME (1996) Tobacco, colorectal cancer, and adenomas: a review of the evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 88: 1717-1730.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. (1994) A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer in US women. J Natl Cancer Inst 86: 192-199.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al. (1994) A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer in US men. J Natl Cancer Inst 86: 183-891.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Heineman E, Zahm S, McLaughlin J, et al. (1995) Increased risk of colorectal cancer among smokers: results of a 26-year follow-up of US veterans and a review. Int J Cancer 59: 728-738.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Nyren O, Bergstrom R, Nystrom L, et al. (1996) Smoking and colorectal cancer: a 20-year follow-up study of Swedish construction workers. J Natl Cancer Inst 88: 1302-1307.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Giovannucci E (1998) Aspirin use and risk of colorectal cancer. Journal of Irish Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons 27: 234-237.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Rosenberg L, Palmer J, Zauber A, et al. (1991) A hypothesis: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce the incidence of large-bowel cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 83: 355-358.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Giovannucci E, Egan KM, Hunter DJ, et al. (1995) Aspirin and the risk of colorectal cancer in women. N Engl J Med 333: 609-614.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Grodstein F, Newcomb P, Stampfer M (1999) Postmenopausal hormone therapy and colorectal cancer: a review and meta-analysis. Am J Med, in press.

  64. Calle E, Miracle-McMahill H, Thun M, et al. (1995) Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of fatal colon cancer in a prospective cohort of postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 87: 517-523.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Grodstein F, Martinez ME, Platz EA, et al. (1998) Postmenopausal hormone use and risk for colorectal cancer and adenoma. Ann Intern Med 128: 705-712.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Jacobs E, White E, Weiss N (1994) Exogenous hormones, reproductive history, and colon cancer. Cancer Causes Control 5: 359-366.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Furner S, Davis F, Nelson R, et al. (1989) A case-control study of large bowel cancer and hormone exposure in women. Cancer Res 49: 4936-4940.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Franceschi S, Bidoli E, Talamini R, et al. (1991) Colorectal cancer in Northeast Italy: reproductive, menstrual and female hormone-related factors. Eur J Cancer 27: 604-608.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Chute C, Willett W, Colditz G, et al. (1991) A prospective study of reproductive history and exogenous estrogens on the risk of colorectal cancer in women. Epidemiology 2: 201-207.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Bostick RM, Potter JD, Kushi LH, et al. (1994) Sugar, meat, and fat intake, and non-dietary risk factors for colon cancer incidence in Iowa women (United States). Cancer Causes Control 5: 38-52.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Martinez ME, Grodstein F, Giovannucci E, et al. (1997) A prospective study of reproductive factors, oral contraceptive use, and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6: 1-5.

    Google Scholar 

  72. McMichael A, Potter J (1980) Reproduction, endogenous and exogenous sex hormones and colon cancer: a review and hypothesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 65: 1201-1207.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Issa J, Ottaviano Y, Celano P, et al. (1994) Methylation of the estrogen receptor CpG island links aging and neoplasisa in human colon. Nat Genet 7: 536-540.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Colditz G (1998) Relationship between estrogen levels, use of hormone replacement therapy, and breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 90: 814-23.

    Google Scholar 

  75. LaVecchia C, Tavani A, Franceschi S, et al. (1996) Oral contraceptives and cancer. A review of the evidence. Drug Saf 14: 260-272.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Vessey MP, Painter R (1995) Endometrial and ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives-findings in a large cohort study. Br J Cancer 71: 1340-1342.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Westhoff C (1996) Ovarian cancer. Annu Rev Public Health 17: 85-96.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Platz E, Willett W, Colditz G, et al. (1998) Proportion of Colon Cancer and Adenoma Risk in US Men that is Potentially Preventable. Presented at the APHA Epidemiology Oral Exchange Late-Breaker Session. 126th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association, Washington DC, November 15–19.

  79. US Department of Health and Human Services (1996) Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Slesinski M, Subar A, Kahle L. (1995) Trends in use of vitamin and mineral supplements in the United States: the 1987 and 1992 National Health Interview Surveys. J Am Diet Assoc 95: 921-923.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Eddy DM (1990) Screening for colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med 113: 373-384.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Towler B, Irwig L, Glasziou P, et al. (1998) A systematic review of the effects of screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test, hemoccult. BMJ 317: 559-565.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR, et al. (1993) Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. N Engl J Med 328: 1365-1371.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Kronborg O, Fenger C, Olsen J, et al. (1996) Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test. Lancet 348: 1467-1471.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Hardcastle J, Chamberlain J, Robinson M, et al. (1996) Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood test. Lancet 348: 1472-1477.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Devessa S, Chow W (1993) Variation in colorectal cancer incidence in the United States by subsite of origin. Cancer 71: 3819-3826.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Kavanaugh A, Giovannucci E, Fuchs C, et al. (1998) Screening endoscopy and risk of colorectal cancer in United States men. Cancer Causes Control 9: 455-462.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Newcomb PA, Norfleet RG, Storer BE, et al. (1992) Screening sigmoidoscopy and colorectal cancer mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst 84: 1572-1575.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Muller A, Sonnenberg A (1995) Protection by endoscopy against death from colorectal cancer: a case-control study among veterans. Arch Intern Med 155: 1741-1748.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Selby J, Friedman G, Quesenberry C, et al. (1992) A case-control study of screening sigmoidoscopy and mortality from colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 326: 653-657.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Vernon SW (1997) Participation in colorectal cancer screening: a review. J Natl Cancer Inst 89: 1406-1422.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Fiore M, Bailey W, Cohen S. Smoking Cessation. Clinical Practice Guideline No 18. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.

  93. Kottke T, Battista R, DeFriese G, et al. (1988) Attributes of successful smoking cessation interventions in medical practices: a meta-analysis of 39 controlled trials. J Am Med Assoc 259: 2883-2895.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Colditz G, DeJong W, Emmons K, et al. (1997) Harvard Report on Cancer Prevention. Vol. 2. Prevention of Human Cancer. Cancer Causes Control 8: 1-50.

    Google Scholar 

  95. National Center for Health Statistics (1996) Health, United States, 1995. Hyattsville, Maryland: Public Health Service.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Serdula M, Coates R, Byers T, et al. (1995) Fruit and vegetable intake among adults in 16 states: results of a brief telephone survey. Am J Public Health 85: 236-239.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Centers for Disease Control (1997) Cigarette smoking among adults-United States, 1995. MMWR 46: 1217-1220.

    Google Scholar 

  98. McGovern P, Pankow J, Shabar E, et al. (1996) Recent trends in acute coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 334: 884-890.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Whittemore A, Harris R, Itnyre J, et al. (1992) Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: collaborative analysis of 12 US case-control studies. II. Invasive epithelial ovarian cancers in white women. Am J Epidemiol 136: 1184-1203.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Cramer D, Hutchinson G, Welch W, et al. (1983) Determinants of ovarian cancer risk. I. Reproductive experiences and family history. J Natl Cancer Inst 71: 711-716.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Centers for Disease Control (1996) Screening for colorectal cancer-United States, 1992–1993, and New Guidelines. MMWR 45: 106-110.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Slattery M, Kerber R (1994) Family history of cancer and colon cancer risk: the Utah population database. J Natl Cancer Inst 86: 1618-1625.

    Google Scholar 

  103. de Dombal F (1993) Inflammatory Bowel Disease. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Harvard Report on Cancer Prevention. Cancer Causes Control 10, 167–180 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017117109568

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017117109568

Keywords

Navigation