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- anti-inflammatory agents (non-steroidal)
- aspirin
- cerebrovascular accident
- dipyridamole
- platelet aggregation inhibitors
Q In patients with recent minor cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin, is aspirin plus dipyridamole (ASA+DP) more effective than aspirin (ASA) alone for preventing vascular events?
Clinical impact ratings GP/FP/Primary care ★★★★★★☆ IM/Ambulatory medicine ★★★★★★☆ Neurology ★★★★★★★ Cardiology ★★★★★★☆
METHODS
Design:
randomised controlled trial (European/Australasian Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischaemia Trial [ESPRIT]).
Allocation:
concealed.*
Blinding:
blinded (outcome auditing committee).*
Follow up period:
mean 3.5 years.
Setting:
79 hospitals in 11 European countries, Singapore, Australia, and the US.
Patients:
2763 patients (mean age 63 y, 65% men) who had had a minor ischaemic stroke (⩽3 on the modified Rankin scale) (66% of patients), transient ischaemic attack (TIA) (28%), or transient monocular blindness (5%) of presumed arterial origin in the previous 6 months. Exclusion criteria included a possible cardiac source of embolism, high grade carotid stenosis, blood coagulation disorder, and limited life expectancy.
Intervention:
ASA, 30–325 mg (median 75 mg) daily, plus DP, 200 mg twice daily (83% received the extended release formulation) (n = 1375), or ASA alone (n = 1388).
Outcomes:
composite end point of death from all vascular causes, stroke, myocardial infarction, or major bleeding event. Secondary outcomes included death from all causes, death from all vascular causes, death from all vascular causes or stroke, all major ischaemic events, all vascular events, first cardiac event, and major bleeding event.
Patient follow up:
99% (intention to treat analysis).
MAIN RESULTS
Risks of the composite end point, death from all vascular causes or non-fatal stroke, and all vascular events were lower in the ASA+DP group (table). Groups did not differ for death from all causes, death from all vascular causes, all major ischaemic events, first cardiac event, or major bleeding event (see table at www.evidence-basedmedicine.com). 34% of patients in the ASA+DP group discontinued the study medication compared with 13% in the ASA group.
Aspirin plus dipyridamole v aspirin alone to prevent vascular events after minor cerebral ischaemia*
CONCLUSION
In patients with recent minor cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin, the combination of aspirin and dipyridamole was more effective than aspirin alone for preventing vascular events.
Abstract and commentary also appear in ACP Journal Club.
Commentary
ESPRIT is the second randomised trial to show the superiority of ASA+DP over ASA in patients with TIA or minor ischaemic stroke. This should lead to greater confidence in the effectiveness of ASA+DP over ASA and more patients being treated with this combination. However, the number needed to treat of 104 per year to prevent 1 primary outcome suggests a small absolute benefit; cost effectiveness will be a factor in many settings. If cost remains a concern, ASA alone or combined with generic DP is a reasonable alternative.1
Patients with a possible cardiac source of embolism or significant carotid disease were excluded from this study and the results cannot be generalised to them. Patients with disabling stroke were also excluded; ASA+DP may not be cost effective compared with ASA in such patients.2 Since most ESPRIT patients were randomised 1–6 months after TIA or stroke, the study does not address the matter of the best antiplatelet agent for acute stroke treatment. The non-blinding of patients and clinicians and the finding of less benefit in the “on treatment” analysis potentially undermine the validity of the main study findings.
The use of ASA+DP in patients with comorbid ischaemic heart disease has been debated. In neither trial comparing ASA+DP with ASA was the risk of cardiac events increased with ASA+DP. However, guidelines recommend against using DP for patients with chronic stable angina and advocate the combination of ASA and clopidogrel for patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction.3,4
Aggressive management of blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, tobacco use, and exercise further reduces risk of recurrence after ischaemic stroke. Combined with appropriate use of ASA+DP or other antithrombotic agents, this multimodal approach should effectively reduce vascular risk.
Supplementary materials
Files in this Data Supplement:
Footnotes
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For correspondence: Professor A Algra, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. a.algra{at}umcutrecht.nl
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Sources of funding: Council of Singapore; European Commission; Janivo Foundation; French Ministry of Health; Netherlands Heart Foundation; Netherlands Thrombosis Foundation; UK Stroke Association.
Linked Articles
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