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Surgery
Heterogeneity of outcomes for intraoperative music interventions: a scoping review and evidence map
  1. Melanie Ambler1,2,
  2. Stacey Springs3,
  3. Dioscaris Garcia2,
  4. Christopher Born2,4
  1. 1 Brown University Division of Biology and Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
  2. 2 Diane Weiss Center for Orthopaedic Trauma Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
  3. 3 Center for Evidence Synthesis, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
  4. 4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
  1. Correspondence to Melanie Ambler, Diane Weiss Center for Orthopaedic Trauma Research, Brown University Division of Biology and Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; melanie_ambler{at}alumni.brown.edu

Abstract

Background Over the past 30 years, numerous studies have been performed that assess the efficacy of intraoperative music as an adjunctive means to regional and local anaesthesia to improve clinical outcomes. Despite an emerging body of evidence and growing adoption of music in surgical settings, the variety of interventions studied, and the heterogeneity of outcomes and outcome measurement tools applied makes difficult the task of aggregating evidence.

Objective This study assesses the state of the field of intraoperative musical interventions by documenting and visualising the breadth of outcomes measured in studies.

Design Scoping review and evidence map.

Methods Three electronic databases (PubMed, Embase and a music-focussed research database, RILM (International Music Literature Repository)) were searched for full-text articles published between January 1991 and July 2019. Results from these searches were screened and relevant data was extracted from full-text articles on type of music intervention and type of anaesthesia; outcomes measured were recorded in an evidence map in order to identify the current state of the field and assess for trends in outcome measurements.

Interventions Music administered to adult patients via headphones or speakers under regional or local sedation in during the intraoperative period.

Results Twenty-one studies with a total of 2283 patients were included. A total of 42 unique outcomes were measured across the 21 studies, with each measuring an average of 6.41±2.63 outcomes. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, anxiety, pain, patient satisfaction, respiratory rate and sedation requirements were the most prevalent outcomes reported. Only 15 outcome measures (36%) were used in more than one study, while the remaining 27 outcome measures (64%) were identified in only one study in our review.

Conclusions Our scoping review identifies that almost two-thirds of studies in this field used >1 outcome measure unique to that study (not also used in other studies), which hinders opportunities to aggregate data across studies and meta-analyse evidence. Future studies should provide clear documentation regarding the intervention and consider using valid and reliable outcome tools. Researchers should consider standardisation when appropriate and adopting the use of core outcome sets for conditions where these sets have been developed.

  • surgery
  • anaesthetics

Data availability statement

All data is presented either in the article or uploaded as supplementary information.

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Data availability statement

All data is presented either in the article or uploaded as supplementary information.

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Footnotes

  • Contributors All authors listed provided substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work and drafted or revised the work. All authors approve the final version of this manuscript and agree to be accountable for the findings presented in the work.

  • Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

  • Competing interests None declared.

  • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.