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Ramipril reduced mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in high risk adults

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 QUESTION: In adults who are at high risk for cardiovascular (CV) events, does ramipril, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, reduce CV events? (Vitamin E results will be reported separately.)

Design

Randomised {allocation concealed*}, blinded (patients, clinicians, and outcome assessors),* controlled 2×2 factorial design trial with planned interim analyses (Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation [HOPE] study).

Setting

161 centres in North America, 76 in 14 western European countries, and 30 in Argentina and Brazil.

Participants

9541 adults (mean age 66 y, 73% men) who were aged ≥55 years and had a history of coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, or diabetes and ≥1 other CV risk factor. Exclusion criteria were heart failure, ejection fraction <0.4, use of an ACE inhibitor, uncontrolled hypertension, …

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