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Etiology
Cardiovascular events were increased in patients with high cardiovascular risk who had albuminuria

https://doi.org/10.1136/ebm.7.1.29

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    Gerstein HG, Mann JF, Yi Q, et al, for the HOPE Study Investigators. Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals.JAMA2001 Jul 25;286:421–6.
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 QUESTION: Is any degree of albuminuria a risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) events in high risk patients with or without diabetes mellitus (DM)?

    Design

    Cohort study of patients enrolled in the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study with a median 4.5 years of follow up.

    Setting

    Community and academic practices in Europe and North and South America.

    Participants

    9043 patients ≥ 55 years of age who had a history of previous CV disease (either coronary artery disease, stroke, or peripheral vascular disease) or a history of DM plus ≥ 1 other CV risk factor (total cholesterol concentration > 5.2 mmol/l, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration ≤ 0.9 mmol/l, hypertension, known microalbuminuria, or current smoker). Exclusion criteria included dipstick-positive proteinuria or established diabetic nephropathy, other renal disease, hyperkalemia, congestive heart failure (CHF), low-ejection fraction, and hypersensitivity to vitamin E or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.

    Assessment of risk factors

    Baseline data were collected on age, sex, smoking …

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