Footnotes

• Twitter @yluo06, @carlheneghan, @NavPersaud

• Contributors All authors (YL, CH and NP) contributed to manuscript drafting and revision. CH and NP conceived of the article. NP wrote the first draft. All authors (YL, CH and NP) revised the article for important scientific content and gave final approval of the version to be published.

• Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

• Competing interests YL reports funding from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, KAKENHI Grant Number JP22K21112) outside the submitted work. NP reports funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Public Health Agency of Canada outside the submitted work.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.