PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Adamson, Adewole S
AU  - Naik, Geetanjali
AU  - Jones, Mark A
AU  - Bell, Katy JL
TI  - Ecological study estimating melanoma overdiagnosis in the USA using the lifetime risk method
AID  - 10.1136/bmjebm-2023-112460
DP  - 2024 Jun 01
TA  - BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine
PG  - 156--161
VI  - 29
IP  - 3
4099  - http://ebm.bmj.com/content/29/3/156.short
4100  - http://ebm.bmj.com/content/29/3/156.full
SO  - BMJ EBM2024 Jun 01; 29
AB  - Objectives To quantify the proportion of melanoma diagnoses (invasive and in situ) in the USA that might be overdiagnosed.Design In this ecological study, incidence and mortality data were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results 9 registries database. DevCan software was used to calculate the cumulative lifetime risk of being diagnosed with melanoma between 1975 and 2018, with adjustments made for changes in longevity and risk factors over the study period.Setting USA.Participants White American men and women (1975–2018).Main outcome measures The primary outcome was excess lifetime risk of melanoma diagnosis between 1976 and 2018 (adjusted for year 2018 competing mortality and changes in risk factors), which was inferred as likely overdiagnosis. The secondary outcome was an excess lifetime risk of melanoma diagnosis in each year between 1976 and 2018 (adjusted and unadjusted).Results Between 1975 and 2018 the adjusted lifetime risk of being diagnosed with melanoma (invasive and in situ) increased from 3.2% (1 in 31) to 6.4% (1 in 16) among white men, and from 1.6% (1 in 63) to 4.5% (1 in 22) among white women. Over the same period, the adjusted lifetime risk of being diagnosed with melanoma in situ increased from 0.17% (1 in 588) to 2.7% (1 in 37) in white men and 0.08% (1 in 1250) to 2.0% (1 in 50) in white women. An estimated 49.7% of melanomas diagnosed in white men and 64.6% in white women were overdiagnosed in 2018. Among people diagnosed with melanomas in situ, 89.4% of white men and 85.4% of white women were likely overdiagnosed in 2018.Conclusions Melanoma overdiagnosis among white Americans is significant and increasing over time with an estimated 44 000 overdiagnosed in men and 39 000 in women in 2018. A large proportion of overdiagnosed melanomas are in situ cancers, pointing to a potential focus for intervention.Data are available in a public, open access repository. All data used is publicly available and de-identified.