Rate control v rhythm control in persistent atrial fibrillation at mean 2.3 years*
| Outcomes | Rate control | Rhythm control | Difference (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| *Composite endpoint = death from cardiovascular causes, heart failure, thromboembolic complications, bleeding, need for pacemaker implantation, or severe effects of antiarrhythmic drugs. CI defined in glossary. | |||
| †Difference not significant. | |||
| Composite endpoint | 17.5% | 21.2% | −3.7% (−11.2 to 3.9)† |
| Cost effectiveness ratio | |||
| Mean cost per patient | €7386 | €8284 | €24 944 |