Study | BLF | Pharyngeal* | Throat wash | Lingual | Saliva | Sputum | Plasma/blood | Urine | Faeces and/or rectal swabs | Tears/ conjunctival swab | Fibrobronchoscope brush biopsy |
Azzi et al (2020)44 | n/a | 25/25 (100%) | n/a | n/a | 25/25 (100%) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Chan et al (2020), RdRp/Hel45 | n/a | 30/34 (88.2%) | n/a | n/a | 59/72 (81.9%) | 13/14 (92.9%) | 10/87 (11.5%) | 0/33 (0.0%) | 7/33 (21.2%) | n/a | n/a |
Chan et al (2020), RdRp-P245 | n/a | 22/34 (64.7%) | n/a | n/a | 38/72 (52.8%) | 13/14 (92.9%) | 0/87 (0.0%) | 0/33 (0.0%) | 4/33 (12.1%) | n/a | n/a |
Chen et al (2020)46 | n/a | 42/42 (100%) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0/10 (0%) | 28/42 (66.7%) | n/a | n/a |
Guo et al (2020)47 | n/a | 1/24 (4.2%) | 7/24 (29.2%) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Fang et al (2020)43 | n/a | 32/32 (100%) | n/a | n/a | 25/32 (78%) | n/a | 23/32 (72%) | 0/32 (0.0%) | NR | 5/32 (16%) | n/a |
Huang et al (2020)48 | n/a | 10/16 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 16/16 (100%) | 1/16 | 1/16 | 11/16 | 1/15 | n/a |
Lin et al (2020)49 | n/a | 23/52 (44.2%) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 40/52 (76.9%) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Liu et al (2020)50 | 4/5 (80%) | 1843/4818 (38.25%) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 28/57 (49.12%) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Wang et al (2020)52 | 14/15 (93%) | 131/406 (32%) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 75/104 (72%) | 3/307 (1%) | 0/72 (0%) | 44/153 (29%) | n/a | 6/13 (46%) |
Williams et al (2020)54 | n/a | 39/622 (6.3%) | n/a | n/a | 33/522 (6.3%) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Wu et al (2020)60 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 41/74 (55%) | n/a | n/a |
Xia et al (2020)61 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1/30 (3.3%) | n/a |
Xie et al (2020)43 | n/a | 9/19 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0/19 | 0/19 | 8/19 | n/a | n/a |
Ye et al (2020)57 | n/a | 40/91 (44.0%) | n/a | 33/91 (36.3%) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Zhang et al (2020)58 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 5/14 (35.7%) | n/a | n/a |
Zheng et al (2020)59 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 96/96 (100%)† | 39/95 (41%) | 1/67 (1%) | 55/93 (59%) | n/a | n/a |
*Includes nasopharyngeal swabs, nasopharyngeal aspirate, nose and throat swabs.
†Sputum samples were collected from the respiratory tract of patients with sputum, and saliva after deep cough was collected from patients without sputum.
BLF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; n/a, not included in study; NR, sampling included in study but outcome not reported.