Authors | Year | Risk, % (95% CI) | Consumption, mg/day* |
Miscarriage | |||
Ferandes et al 56 | 1998 | 36 (1.29 to 1.45) | <150 vs ≥150 |
Greenwood et al 57 | 2014 | 14 (1.10 to 1.19) | Per 100 |
Li et al 58 | 2015 | 32 (1.24 to 1.40) | <150 vs ≥150 |
Chen et al 59 | 2016 | 7 (1.03 to 1.12) | Per 100 |
Stillbirth | |||
Greenwood et al 57 | 2014 | 19 (1.05 to 1.35) | Per 100 |
Chen et al 59 | 2016 | 9 (1.02 to 1.16) | Per 100 |
Low birth weight/Small for gestational age | |||
Ferandes et al 56 | 1998 | 51 (1.39 to 1.63) | <150 vs ≥150 |
Santos et al 80 | 1998 | 29 (1.18 to 1.41)/24 (1.05 to 1.43) | None/low vs high |
Chen et al 81 | 2014 | 13 (1.06 to 1.21) | Per 100 |
Greenwood et al 57 | 2014 | 7 (1.01 to 1.12)/10 (1.06 to 1.14) | Per 100 |
Rhee et al 82 | 2015 | 38 (1.10 to 1.73) | Lowest vs highest |
Preterm birth | |||
Santos et al 80 | 1998 | Indeterminate | None/low vs high |
Maslova et al 84 | 2010 | No "important" association | Lowest vs highest |
Greenwood et al 57 | 2014 | 2 (−1.02 to 1.06) | Per 100 |
Childhood acute leukaemia | |||
Milne et al 89 | 2011 | 67 (1.20 to 2.32) | None vs 3+ cups coffee |
Cheng et al 92 | 2014 | 72 (1.32 to 2.16) | None/low vs highest |
Thomopoulos et al 93 | 2015 | 57 (1.16 to 2.11) | Lowest vs highest |
*Level of maternal caffeine consumption (mg/day when given) used as the basis for estimating risk of harm.
CI, confidence interval.